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| Brazilian Indians in Toy Art - Ethnic Groups |
To eliminate the 'boredom', I’ve adopted the Tupi-Pop profile of my blogs, I decided to approach each race through Toy Arts, and just like the hundreds of Pokemon, Naruto characters, etc., indigenous ethnic groups will be subject of easy understanding to the * Otakus the Tupi-Pop.
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| Toy Art of ethnic groups, Orishas, legends and other Brazilians by Luiz Pagano - the best way to learn is having fun without stigmatizing the individual (if you want to know more, please contact us at contato@blemya.com ) |
The Tapuias considered by Europeans as more primitive, difficult to catechize, and to conquer, so they were hard fought and exterminated - many of the peoples and tribes that existed have disappeared so completely that don’t exist even a single direct record of their existence.
In the nineteenth century, the German scientist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius traveled to a large part of Brazilian territory and proposed a division of Brazilian Indians according to a linguistic criterion. Based on this criterion, he created the ‘Gê’ group, which included tribes that spoke similar languages and who used to call themselves by utilizing the gê particle, meaning "father", "boss" or "ancestor". ' An alternative name, according to Martius itself, would 'cram' because in this group was also widely used to cran particle ("son", "Down") for the appointment of the tribes. Much of the ancient tribes tapuias was encompassed by the Gê group.
In the early twentieth century, anthropologists began to reject the name "Tapuia" and adopted the name "GES" for this other group of language families. In 1953, the Brazilian Association of Anthropology took the form "Ge" in lieu of "Gê". With the spelling reform, which advocated the use of "j" instead of "g" for the coming terms of Brazilian indigenous languages, the word "Gê" came to be spelled "JJE".
Because they have similarities in their origins is possible to classify the linguistic groups and linguistic trunks, the linguist Morris Swadesh has an important work of classification that besides the genetic lineage, took into account the method known as glottochronology, which is determined primarily from a basic vocabulary of a hundred or two common terms, which are the true cognates (words that demonstrate being derived from a single ancestral word). A rate of 81% of cognates indicate five centuries since the two languages are separated; 36% indicate approximately 2,500 years of separation; 12% some 5,000 years.
Unfortunately the native languages of indigenous Brazilian tribes are among the most endangered in the world - 300 years ago, living in the village of São Paulo de Piratininga was almost synonymous to speaking Indian language. Only 2 out of every 5 inhabitants of the city knew the Portuguese. So in 1698, the provincial governor, Artur de Sa e Meneses, begged Portugal to only send priests who knew "the general language of the Indians", because "these people can not be explained in another language"
For reasons like these, according to a classification made by the National Geographic Society and the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. The Indian languages started being replaced by Spanish and Portuguese in Brazil's border with Bolivia and Paraguay, in the Andes and the Chaco region, the researchers found. For example, less than 20 people speak Ofaié, and less than 50 are able to express in Guató.
Most countries were built on top of people destruction, Brazil is one of the few that still has an important chance to redeem identity and to learn from the remnant thus able to determine the classification of 20 ethnic groups, of which four the most important of them (Tupi, Ge Macro, Arawak and Carib) described below:
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| Tupi group Toy Art |
The term "Tupi" has two meanings: one generic and one specific. The general sense of the term refers to the Indians who inhabited the Brazilian coast in the 16th century and spoke the language Tupi old. The specific meaning of the term refers to the Indians who inhabited the region the Brazilian coast including the current city of São Vicente, at the same time, were the first Indians to have contact with the Portuguese who arrived here.
The Tupi Group is divided into 10 families: Tupi-Guarani, Arikém, Aweti, Juruna, Mawé, Puroborá, Mundurukú, Ramarama and Tupari.
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| Macro Jê group Toy Art |
2 - Macro-Ge Group
The languages of the Macro-Ge trunk bequeathed a few words to the Portuguese language, though not as eloquently as the languages of the Tupi. Generally, they are place names in southern Brazil originated in Caingangue language as Goioerê, Xanxerê, Erechim, Erebango Ere Campo, Goioxim, Brazil, Nonoai, etc.
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| Arwak group Toy Art |
3 – Arwak Group
The Arawak languages,
Arawaks, Aruak Arawak or form a family of Amerindian languages of South America
and the Caribbean Sea. Arawak languages are spoken in much of the territory of
the Americas to the south to Paraguay and northern countries of the north coast
of South America, such as Suriname, Guyana and Venezuela.
According to linguist
Aryon Rodrigues, this language, also known as Lokono, was spoken in some West
Indian islands like Trinidad. When Europeans inciaram its colonization of the
Caribbean, Arawak then divided and disputed the same place with the Carib, and
went with one another that those had their first contact with the native
population and their languages. As Karib, the Arawak name came to be used to
designate the set of languages found within the continent and related to the Arawak
language. Also according to this author, this set of languages was also called
Maipure or Nu-Arawak and corresponds to what Carl Friedrich von Martius for
more than a century called Guck or Coco.
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| Karib group Toy Art |
4 - Karib Group
The Carib languages,
Caribas, Caraibas, Caribbean are an indigenous language family of Central
America and South America. It is scattered throughout northern South America,
from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes, but also appears in
central Brazil. The Carib languages are relatively close together.
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| Aikaná group Toy Art |
5 - Aikaná Group
African (also known as
Aikanã, Massaca , Massaka, Huari, Corumbiará, Kasupá, Munde, Tubarão,
Winzankyi) is a Brazilian indigenous people. They speak the language Aicanã.
The Aikanã live in the state of Rondônia, in the Guaporé River basin. Its three
villages are part of the Indigenous Land Tubarão Latundê, located 100
kilometers from the border with Bolivia and 180 kilometers from the nearest
city, Vilhena.
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| Arawá group Toy Art |
6 - Group Arauá
The Arawá, (also known
as Arauá, Deni, Jarawara, Kanamanti, Kulina, Paumari, Jamamandi and Zuruahá)
are an indigenous group that inhabits the southwestern Brazilian state of
Amazonas, specifically the "Deni Indigenous Land", located in the
municipalities Itamarati and Tapauá.
The first contacts
with the white man Arawá probably happened in the late nineteenth or early
twentieth century.
The Arawá are among
the indigenous groups of the region rivers Juruá and Purus which, in the 1940s,
have suffered the impact of the second rubber boom, which attracted thousands
of migrants. Through these came diseases, violent territorial disputes and
exploitation of indigenous labor. Since then, Arawá had to wait decades to have
their guaranteed territorial rights, and need to start a self-demarcation of
the land campaign, with the support of some NGOs, to then get the official
demarcation, which was only completed in August 2003.
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| Guaikuru group Toy Art |
7 - Guaikurú Group
The term refers
Guaicurus indigenous groups whose languages belong to Guaicuru linguistic
family. They were notorious for being a warrior tribe that used horses for
hunting and attacks. Migrated to Brazil, in the region of Mato Grosso do Sul
and Goiás, fleeing from colonization in the northern region of Paraguay.
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| Iranxé group Toy Art |
8 - Group Iranxé
The Irantxe (are also
known as Iranxe), are located in Mato Grosso-MT and according to data from
FUNASA-2010 has a population of 379 inhabitants. Manoki, as they call
themselves, are best known as Irantxe, whose language has no similarity with
other linguistics families. His story, however, is not very different from most
of the Indians in Brazil, were virtually decimated as a result of massacres and
diseases from contact with whites. In the mid-twentieth century, most of the
survivors saw no alternative but to live in a Jesuit mission, responsible for
the profound socio-cultural disintegration of the group.
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| Jabuti group Toy Art |
9 - Jabuti Group
The Jabutis (they are
also known as Djeoromitxí and Arikapu) are an indigenous group that inhabits
the southern Brazilian state of Rondônia, the more precisely Rio Branco
Indigenous Areas, Guaporé River and Indigenous Land Jabuti. In the past the
tribe was very threatened by the presence of garimpeiros in its original area,
a fact partly resolved by the demarcation of their lands.
Most jabuti language
speakers also speak Portuguese and there are others who still know how to
communicate through other indigenous languages.
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| Kanoê group Toy Art |
10 - Kanoê Group
The Kanoê (brasílic
ethnonym) or canoes are an indigenous group that inhabits the southern
Brazilian state of Rondonia, specifically the Rio Branco Indigenous Lands and
Rio Guaporé.
Massacre
In 1985, the canoes
farmers have suffered attacks in Corumbiará, municipality that gives name to
the documentary Franco-Brazilian Vincent Carelli. It is not known how many
indigenous people (among them the Akuntsu ethnicity) were killed, but it is
speculated that it was using a bulldozer, it serves to clear large areas.
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| Katukina group Toy Art |
11 - Katukina Group
Catuquinas or Katukina
is a denominated a name to at least three indigenous groups:
The first, the
Katukina language family, called Katukina Rio Biá, located on the river Jutaí
region in southwestern Amazonas state, on indigenous lands Paumari the Cuniuá,
Paumari Lake Paricá, Rio Biá and Tapauá.
Katukina are also
called two groups of linguistic pano family, located in the state of Acre. But
neither of these two pano groups recognize the term "Katukina" as a
self. One of them, located on the banks of the Envira river, near the town of
Feijó, calls himself-Shanenawa and would be part of a clan Yawanawá people.
"Since time
immemorial, the Yawanawá, the people of the jawbone, occupy the headwaters of
the Gregório River, an affluent of the Juruá, geographically belonging to the
municipality of Tarauacá, Acre. Its current population is 636 people and
belongs to the linguistic branch Pano. The families are distributed in
communities Nova Esperança, Mutum, Escondido, Tiburcio and Matrinxã. the
communities are formed by Yawanawá families, Arara, Kãmãnawa (people of the
jaguar), Iskunawa (Japó people), Ushunawa (people of color white), Shanenawa (
people blue bird), Rununawa (the snake people) and Kaxinawá (the bat people).
"
But the other group,
called Katukina-Pano, inhabitant of villages located on the banks of Campinas
and Gregório rivers, does not recognize any meaning in the name
"Katukina" in their language, but accepts the name. They tell their
members that she was "given by the government." However, in recent
years, young indigenous leaders have encouraged the consolidation of the
designation of Noke Kuin, Noke Noke Kui or Koi (in Portuguese, "real
people") for the group. Internally, six other self-denominations are used
which refer to the six clans in which the group is divided. It was observed
that these names are almost identical to the names of some clans Marubo people,
with which Katukina-called Pano present several other linguistic and cultural
similarities.
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| Kwazá group Toy Art |
12 - Kwazá Group
The Kwazá (also Coaia
or Koaia ) are an Amerindian people inhabiting the southern Brazilian state of
Rondônia, the region where they lived since time immemorial. After opening the
BR-364 road, in the 1960s, farmers drove them out of fertile land where they lived
and in 2008 formed a society of only 40 individuals, living in the Indigenous
Land Tubarão Latundê in the municipality of Chupinguaia, along with Aikanã and
Latundê. Most of them are mixed with Aikanã. There's another mixed family Kwazá
and Aikanã living in Indigenous Kwazá the San Pedro River. They speak a
language isolate that is threatened with extinction.
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| Maku group Toy Art |
13 - Maku Group
The Macus is a
Brazilian indigenous group divided in subgroups called Daw, Hupda, Iuhupde and
Nadebe.
The term, however, may
refer to an indigenous group inhabiting the Brazilian state of Roraima and that
would have merged with iecuanas the twentieth century. According to Jorge
Pozzobon (1955-2001) is common in the region the distinction between so-called
"river Indians", speaks of Tukano and Arawak, and the "kill the
Indian," says Maku. The approximately three thousand Maku (1999) are
distributed in an area between Brazil and Colombia in an area of approximately
20 million hectares, which are dispersed by patches of forest, limited the
north by the river Guaviare (Colombian tributary of the Orinoco River) north by
the Negro river, south by the river Japura and the southeast by the river
Uneiuxi (Brazilian affluent of Negro).
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| Murá group Toy Art |
14 - Mura Group
The Mura is a
Brazilian indigenous group that inhabits the center and the east of Amazonas
state, specifically in indigenous areas Boa Vista, Capybara, Cuia, Cunha, Hawk,
Guapenu, Itaitinga, Lake Aiapoá, Murutinga Christmas / Happiness, Onça, Padre,
Paracuhuba, Recreation / San Felix, San Pedro, Tracajá, Trench, Méria, Miratu,
Tabocal and Pantaleão.
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| Nambikwara group Toy Art |
15 - Nambikwara Group
The Nambikwara, also
called Anunsu, Anunzê, Nambikwara, Nambikuára, Nambikwara, Nhambikuara or
Nhambiquara are a Brazilian indigenous people. They are located in western Mato
Grosso and Rondônia.
In 1999 amounted to
1145 individuals. Their customs are hunting and gathering and rarely had
contact with non-Indians until 1965, when non-Indians began to invade their land
for mining and illegal logging.
Its subgroups are
Nambiquara do Campo (Mato Grosso and Rondonia), North Nambikwara (Mato Grosso
and Rondonia), the Nambikwara Sararé (Mato Grosso) and Southern Nambikwara
(Mato Grosso).
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| Pano group Toy Art |
16 - Group Pano
Pano are indigenous
groups whose languages belong to the Pano linguistic family. In the past, they
were called bearded.
According to some
linguists, the term pejorative pano: comes from panobu, which would mean
"the willows", not being a self-designation of these people, but
rather, a heteronym given by people belonging to other language families.
People belonging to
the Pano family are located in the far west of the Brazilian Amazon and in the
region corresponding to the Andean piedmont, Peru.
All people whose names
are terminated by -nawa suffix -náua or -nauá belong to this group: Kaxinawá,
Yawanawá, Shawanawá (or Shawadawã) Shanenawá, Jaminawa, among others. Also
belong to this group and the Marubo Corubo (Javari Valley) and Shipibo (Peru
Juruá-Ucaially). The Katukina Acre also speak a Pano language family (not to be
confused with the Katukina of Amazonas). Apparently -náua suffix or -nawa means
"people" or "people", plus a given name indicates that this
people clan belongs. Eg Shanenaua (people of Blue Bird), Yawanawá (jawbone
people), etc. People Pano or nawa share not only linguistic similarities but
also in traditional songs, in ritual practices in traditional stories and body
painting, and other aspects of their culture.
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| Trumai group Toy Art |
17 - Trumai Group
The Trumai an isolated
language and really committed, was the last group to arrive at the Xingu. There
are now only 30 speakers and children no longer learn the language, preferring
to speak Portuguese, although some of them also speak other languages Xingu, as
Kamayará the Aweti or Suyá.
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| Tikuna group Toy Art |
18 - Tikuna Group
The Tikuna (Tikuna,
Tucuna or Maguta) is an Amerindian people who live currently the border between
Peru and Brazil and the Amazonian Trapezium, in Colombia. Form a society of
more than 50 000 individuals, split between Brazil (36,000), Colombia (eight
thousand) and Peru (seven thousand), being the most numerous indigenous people
of the Brazilian Amazon.
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| Tukano group Toy Art |
19 - Tukano Group
The Indians who live on the banks of the Uaupés River and its tributaries - the Tiquié, Papuri, Querari and other minor rivers - today belong to 17 ethnic groups, many of which also live in Colombia, in the Uaupés and Apaporis river basins (tributary of the Japurá), the principal tributary of which is the Pira-Paraná River.
These indigenous groups speak languages of the Eastern Tukanoan family (only Tariana is of Arawak origin) and participate in a wide-ranging network of exchanges, which include marriages, rituals and commerce, which form a definite socio-cultural complex, called the “social system of the Uaupés/Pira-Paraná”. This, in turn, is part of a broader culture area, including populations of the Arawak and Maku language families.
Ethnic groups: Arapaso, Bará, Barasana, Desana, Karapanã, Kotiria, Kubeo, Makuna, Mirity-tapuya, Pira-tapuya, Siriano, Tariana, Tukano, Tuyuca, Tatuyo, Taiwano, Yuruti (the last three live only in Colombia)
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| Txapakura group Toy Art |
20 - Group Txapakura
The Txapakura, came
from regions basins, streams, affluent and headwater streams located in
southwestern Amazonia. Occupied regions of the Lage river basins and river
basins of Ouro Preto, the igarapé of the Grotto, the stream Santo André and the
stream Rio Negro, the right bank affluent of Mamore where it came from one of
their denominations.
However, until the
early twentieth century they remained isolated, perhaps because they lived in
hard to reach areas or little economic interest. The Waris, the Txapakuras
group has been mentioned for the first time in history by Colonel Ricardo
Franco in 1798, found the riverbanks Pacaás Novos.
This situation has to
change with the development of the rubber vulcanization process, which took
place in the mid nineteenth century, which led to the search for this raw
material in the forests, hitherto little explored.
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| Yanomami group Toy Art |
21 - Yanomami Group
The Ianomâmis,
Yanomami Yanoama Yanomami Yanomami or are hunters and farmers Indians who
inhabit Brazil and Venezuela. It consists of four subgroups: Yanomae, Yanomami
Sanima and Ninam. Each group speaks its own language: together they make up the
Yanomami language family. The Yanomami tribe is the seventh largest Brazilian
Indian tribe, with 15,000 people distributed in 255 villages related to each
other to a greater or lesser degree. Northwest of Roraima, are situated 197
villages totaling 9506 people, and the north of the Amazon, are situated 58
villages totaling 6510 people.
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· Otaku (お た く?) Is a term used in Japan and other countries
to describe fans of anime and manga. However, in Japan, the term can be used to
describe a fan of anything in a large excess.
· The word otaku in Japanese originally a
respectful treatment in the second person (お 宅? Lit.
his home), or "your house", a kind of pronoun most archaic Nipponese.
This reference arose from the combination of the economic prosperity of Japan
after the war, the intense relationship between consumption and media
technologies and the appeal of the visual references of manga (comics) and
anime (animation) .Otaku became assigned to people who spent a lot of time at
home, consuming such a culture.
· The humorist and columnist Akio Nakamori noted
that the word was widely used among anime fans and popularized around 1989,
when used in one of his books.
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